Everything You Need to Know About the Kalimba: The Complete Guide!

Do you have one or more questions about the kalimba, this African musical instrument that looks like a small piano, but is played using only your two thumbs? Want to know absolutely everything there is to know about this fascinating instrument? Thinking about buying a kalimba, but not sure how to choose the right one?

Having known this instrument for over 10 years now, I’ve taken a particular interest in everything related to it, both directly and indirectly. As a result, I’ll be able to answer all your questions easily—and then some.

By reading this comprehensive guide, you will learn exactly:

• What a kalimba is and where it comes from
• Which thumb piano is best for your needs
• How to play the mbira perfectly

This instrument will hold no more secrets for you, and you’ll be able to confidently select the model that suits you best, with all the techniques and methods you need to keep improving.

What is a kalimba?

The kalimba is a little-known and still quite exotic instrument. So it helps to clearly define what it is before we look at its origins and how it works.

What is a kalimba?

A kalimba is a percussion instrument in the idiophone family. Idiophones are instruments whose sound is produced by the material itself when an external action occurs, such as striking it with a mallet. A xylophone, a bell, or a gong are perfect examples of idiophones. With a kalimba, the external action happens when the musician presses (and releases) one of the steel keys to make it vibrate.

The kalimba has dozens of names, although this one remains the most widely used. Among the most popular are mbira, sanza, thumb piano, and finger piano. Since this list is far from exhaustive, we’ll cover the different names in more detail later in this article.

Traditionally crafted from wood, the kalimba now also comes in modern materials such as acrylic glass or ABS plastic, thanks to technological advances. This instrument consists of a soundboard, which may or may not include a resonator box, on which several steel tines are mounted and held under pressure by two bridges and a metal bar. On a kalimba, each tine corresponds to a single musical note, which can be changed by adjusting the tine’s length relative to the bridges. To give you a good idea of the sound this instrument produces, watch the video below, which shows a musician playing a very traditional kalimba with a resonator box.

Now you have a clear, simplified picture of what a kalimba is. If you’d like to go further, read this article that explains in detail what a thumb piano is. You’ll understand what each part does and how it shapes the sound.

What are the origins of this musical instrument?

Archaeological evidence suggests that the kalimba was invented twice, both times in Africa. The earliest evidence dates back more than 3,000 years, when remains of this instrument were discovered on the west coast of Africa, specifically in what is now Cameroon. At that time, the mbira was crafted with a wooden body and bamboo keys, which were not yet made of steel. Then the trail goes cold. It appears that this version of the instrument fell out of use, perhaps because the plant materials were too fragile and difficult to preserve over time.

However, new examples of old kalimbas were later discovered, this time near the Zambezi River, which flows through Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. These examples are around 1,300 years old, or 1,700 years after the first mbiras were discovered. This time, the keys were made of metal instead of bamboo, and the instrument was traditionally used for festive and religious occasions.

It wasn’t until the arrival of the first Portuguese settlers in Mozambique in the 16th century that the kalimba was revealed to Europeans. The first written records of this particular instrument are attributed to the missionary João dos Santos. However, the sanza was far from popular, and it wasn’t until the 1950s that it began to gain widespread acceptance. This shift is credited to the ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracey, who became fascinated with the instrument during a stay in Africa. He then set about creating a Westernized version with notes corresponding to European musical standards. He developed an initial model with 15 tines and a resonator box, and began marketing it by founding his own company in 1954, which he named AMI, short for African Musical Instrument.

Since then, the kalimba has grown in popularity year after year. Well-known bands such as Earth, Wind & Fire have used it in some of their songs, while multiple manufacturers have emerged to offer this instrument for sale with ever-increasing quality and precision. This innovation led to models made of synthetic materials and others with built-in microphones. Since this is a broad topic, we invite you to explore the origins of the kalimba in this other article—we highly recommend it.

What are the differences between a mbira, a sanza, and a sansula?

As we mentioned earlier, there are many names for thumb piano-type instruments. In fact, these multiple synonyms can be explained by the instrument’s roots. Before Hugh Tracey popularized the word kalimba, this instrument was used by many local peoples and tribes, such as the Shona, and each group gave it their own name.

Depending on the region, the thumb piano was called “mbira,” “sanza,” “karimba,” “kalimba,” “likembe,” “mbila,” “huru,” “nhare,” “matepeand njari,” “okeme,” “ubo,” or even “gyilgo.” Hugh Tracey had to make a choice when it came to the instrument he was preparing to market, and he chose the kalimba.

So, fundamentally, there was originally no significant difference between a mbira, a kalimba, or a sanza. However, over time, users of this instrument have generally accepted that a kalimba corresponds to the European version promoted by Hugh Tracey, while the other names refer to traditional instruments made in Africa using ancestral methods. This distinction isn’t official, however; it’s mostly how today’s enthusiasts use the terms, so you’re absolutely free to call the European model a mbira if you prefer.

On the other hand, the sansula is very different from the kalimba, mbira, or sanza. It is actually a fairly recent instrument invented in 2001 by Peter Hokema, a musical instrument dealer. He had the idea of placing a frame drum underneath a classic kalimba without a resonator box. This design offers enhanced control over the instrument’s resonance. Watch the video below, where Peter Hokema himself introduces the sansula.

Although the differences between all these names have been broadly outlined, it’s worth exploring this subject in more depth by consulting our comparison between the kalimba, mbira, sanza, and sansula. You’ll never mix them up again.

Should you say “un” or “une” kalimba (in French)?

Beginners often wonder whether they should use the masculine or feminine form in French when referring to this instrument. It’s difficult to give a definitive answer. The word originally comes from African languages and was later used as a brand name by Hugh Tracey.

However, a decision had to be made to adapt the word to French. So, without any real etymological justification, the word kalimba is listed as masculine in most references that include it, such as Wikipedia or Francophones. The same is true for mbira, which is also masculine. However, sanza is surprisingly listed as feminine.

Nevertheless, these statements should be taken with a grain of salt. In fact, the Académie française has never thoroughly examined the gender of all these words that refer to thumb pianos, and there’s a strong likelihood it never will. So you’re not strictly “wrong” if you use “kalimba” in the feminine form; the masculine form simply became more common.

Take a look at this more comprehensive article, which details the etymology of all the names commonly given to thumb pianos.

How does the thumb piano produce sound?

While the thumb piano can sometimes surprise those who discover it because they don’t immediately understand how it works, it’s actually quite simple. In a kalimba, all the tines are held under pressure, firmly clamped between the two bridges. When a musician presses a key and releases it with a quick snap, the tine begins to vibrate—more precisely, it oscillates up and down. Watch this video, which highlights this phenomenon.

These oscillations make the surrounding air vibrate, producing sound. The pitch of the sound depends mainly on the length of the tine: longer tines produce lower notes, while shorter tines yield higher ones. The vibrations also travel through the soundboard, so the material used to craft the kalimba affects the overall tone. If the kalimba includes a resonator box, those vibrations are amplified, making it louder than an identical instrument without one.

Finally, as you may have noticed, some kalimbas with a resonator box also feature two holes on the back. These holes enable advanced techniques, letting the player cover or uncover them at key moments to create expressive effects. In practice, this produces a vibrato effect. To explore this further, check out this article that explains exactly how the kalimba works. You’ll understand its sound vibrations inside and out.

Is this musical instrument suitable for everyone?

Beginners to the thumb piano often wonder if this instrument is right for them. Is it easy to play? Does it offer any benefits? Let’s answer all those questions right away.

At what age can you start learning the kalimba?

Rest assured, the kalimba can be learned at any age. It’s accessible, lightweight, and compact—and its soothing, relaxing sound tends to win people over very quickly.

Some parents-to-be play the mbira regularly throughout pregnancy. After the baby is born, they continue playing the same melodies the child “heard” in the womb. The baby can then recognize those tunes like a musical signature, which may feel reassuring while discovering a whole new world. And before long, they can even try playing a few notes themselves—pressing a tine is enough to make a sound, which they can understand within the first months of life.

Children and teenagers are, of course, perfectly capable of learning to play the kalimba. You simply need to choose an instrument that fits their age and musical background, especially if you’re buying it as a gift. A helpful rule of thumb is to pick a kalimba with a number of tines that’s roughly equal to the player’s age. So for a 10-year-old, a 10-key kalimba can make sense. You can slightly adjust that number depending on whether the child has never played an instrument or, on the contrary, already plays another one. Look at what a 6-year-old can achieve with this instrument after just a few dozen minutes of learning:

For adults and seniors, the kalimba is a fantastic way to enjoy music without devoting countless hours to it. The instrument’s simplicity is its strength: you don’t need years of music theory to get real pleasure out of it. And because the mbira is lightweight and portable, you can take it anywhere—work, trips, or outdoors. It also allows older players who no longer have the strength of their youth to enjoy making music, which can be harder with heavier, bulkier instruments like a double bass.

Learn more about this by reading our latest article on how the kalimba can be played at any age. You’ll see just how adaptable this instrument can be.

Is it easy to play the mbira?

If there is one quality no one can deny the kalimba, it’s its simplicity combined with immense potential. Honestly, it strikes a near-perfect balance: not too simple (so it stays interesting), and not too complex (so it stays accessible). The kalimba is designed to be accessible to as many people as possible. Each tine corresponds to a single musical note, much like an upright piano. This means there’s virtually no chance of playing a “wrong” note the way you might on a violin.

What’s more, thumb pianos often come with a whole range of accessories designed to make your life easier. You’ll usually find a sheet of stickers to help you identify the tines, plus instruction booklets and beginner-friendly songs to help you get started. Some kits even include silicone thumb protectors, which can be useful if you play intensely and your thumbs start to get sore.

Finally, kalimba sheet music is also very different from what you may be used to. You won’t necessarily find the familiar five-line staff, measures, treble clefs, and other symbols from traditional notation. Simplified kalimba sheet music is often just a series of letters or numbers indicating the order in which to play the tines. Of course, experienced musicians can still use standard sheet music if they’re already comfortable with it, but everyone else can still enjoy playing beautiful songs without investing time in learning to read music.

All of these factors make the kalimba a simple instrument. Not convinced? Read our article, which will persuade you that playing the kalimba is really easy. Then you’ll have no excuse not to start this wonderful musical adventure.

What are the benefits of the kalimba?

Like all musical instruments, the thumb piano offers many benefits for anyone who takes the time to pick one up. In general, playing an instrument improves coordination and fine motor skills—an especially valuable benefit for children and older adults, who may otherwise see these abilities decline over time. Learning an instrument can also improve self-confidence and cognitive function, particularly memory. It may help reduce stress and provide a healthy outlet for emotions. These benefits have been demonstrated many times by research, and it’s now widely accepted that learning almost any instrument can have meaningful positive effects.

Now, if we take a closer look at the kalimba itself, it appears that this instrument is especially well suited for music therapy. Music therapy is a serious practice (in France, it’s supervised by an official federation) built on the idea that music and instruments can be part of a therapeutic approach. It can be passive, where the patient listens to sounds, or active, where the patient plays an instrument themselves. It’s a practice that’s developing rapidly in care facilities such as hospitals. A report by France 3 highlights this practice, which is used at Creil Hospital for infants, among others:

So why is the kalimba so interesting from a music therapy perspective, as you can see in the video above? For one, the sounds produced by this instrument are soft, light, and relaxing, which naturally supports the calming goals of many sessions. Also, because the thumb piano is small, portable, and very easy to use, someone who has never played before can quickly pick it up and enjoy it—something far less immediate with an instrument like a guitar. As a result, the kalimba works beautifully in both active and passive music therapy, which is why it’s often favored by professionals.

If you’d like to explore the topic further, we’ve written a more comprehensive article explaining why playing the kalimba is so rewarding. You’ll discover all the benefits this instrument has to offer.

Which well-known artists use the kalimba in their songs?

It’s clear that the kalimba is not a common musical instrument. As a result, it’s rare to see it on stage, let alone in the hands of famous bands or musicians. However, a few music professionals have used it in their compositions, adding a handful of thumb piano notes here and there. They aren’t many, but there’s a good chance you’ll recognize at least one of them—even if only by name.

For example, the jazz-funk band Earth, Wind and Fire, formed in 1969 by Maurice White, used the kalimba in their 1974 song “Evil.” From the very beginning, you can hear light, beautiful kalimba tones that continue all the way through. You can hear it in the video below:

Singer and vocalist Bobby McFerrin also featured the kalimba in his piece “Kalimba Suite.” While that track isn’t especially well known, McFerrin is famous for “Don’t Worry, Be Happy,” which has racked up hundreds of millions of views on YouTube. Musician April Yang is also widely known for her mastery of the kalimba, and finally, it’s worth mentioning that Sting, Phil Collins, and the band Genesis have occasionally used this African instrument in their songs.

To discover many more famous artists who have used the kalimba, read this article, which explores the subject in greater depth. You’re sure to discover some lesser-known but incredibly talented musicians.

What is the best thumb piano on the market?

Let’s answer this right away: there is no perfect kalimba that’s objectively “better” than all the others. Of course, there are brands known for excellent craftsmanship, but most of the time you’ll have to balance several factors to find the mbira that truly fits you. Let’s review those factors so you can decide which instrument is right for your needs.

Should you get a 17- or 21-tine kalimba?

This is the question most often asked by beginners who are hesitating between a 17- or 21-tine kalimba. In practice, most models on the market have 17 tines, while some slightly more expensive models have 21. It can be tempting to think that the more tines there are, the more musical possibilities you’ll have. While that’s generally true, it’s still important to weigh the pros and cons of each option.

In terms of budget, size, portability, and weight, 17-key kalimbas have a slight advantage. They’re generally less expensive, smaller, and lighter than their 21-key counterparts. On the other hand, the addition of four extra tines means four extra notes. These notes are inevitably lower and increase the range of the thumb piano. To give you an idea, listen to the difference between the same piece—“Ballade pour Adeline”—played on a 17-key instrument and then on a 21-key instrument.

The melody played on the 21-note kalimba sounds richer and more pleasant. That’s to be expected, since the player has four additional notes to work with.

At this point, you might be leaning toward a 21-note kalimba. However, there’s one important detail to consider: the vast majority of kalimbas sold today are 17-note models, so most of the sheet music you’ll find online is tailored to 17 tines. Also, 21-tine kalimbas are more challenging to play than 17-tine models. That’s why beginners who have never played an instrument are generally advised to start with 17 tines. If you already have some music theory knowledge or play another instrument, stepping up to 21 (or even more) can be a great choice.

Ultimately, the choice between 17 and 21 tines depends on your current musical background. If you’re still unsure, take a look at our guide to help you choose between a 17- or 21-key kalimba; reading it in full will make things much clearer.

What are the differences between a sanza with and without holes?

This is another question that comes up often, as future players quickly notice that there are two main types of kalimbas: those without holes and those with holes on the front and sometimes on the back of the instrument. These two types of thumb pianos obviously have differences worth discussing.

Kalimbas without holes are crafted from a single block of wood or plastic. This is the simplest form to manufacture, and it’s also the style found in the earliest remains discovered 3,000 years ago in Africa. This type of instrument tends to be sturdier than versions with holes, more affordable, and easy to maintain. These models are also thinner and lighter, which can be important for musicians with smaller hands. The trade-off is sound: because the kalimba has no resonator box, the volume is inevitably lower.

Kalimbas with holes, on the other hand, feature a resonator box. They’re more difficult to design, and therefore more expensive. Since they’re typically box-shaped, they can crack more easily if something heavy is placed on them (it’s not rare to see models with fissures). They’re also heavier, thicker in the hands, and more difficult to clean because dust can accumulate inside. In return, they’re much louder than hole-less models and, most importantly, they let you create sound effects. By placing your fingers over the holes, you can modify the sound waves and create a wah-wah or vibrato effect.

We haven’t covered every pro and con of these two mbira types here, so be sure to check out our full comparison article for your needs to make the best choice.

Should you choose a wooden or acrylic instrument?

While wood is the traditional material used to make kalimbas, a newer type of instrument made of acrylic glass (a plastic polymer) has recently appeared on the market. These two types of thumb pianos obviously differ in appearance and design, but there are also other points worth considering.

The differences aren’t extreme, but you can still notice some tonal changes between the two materials. Acrylic tends to produce clear, warm notes, making it perfect for lullabies and gentle music. In contrast, wooden kalimbas tend to produce richer notes that are ideal for more lively melodies.

Furthermore, acrylic kalimba models are almost exclusively instruments without a resonator box. A few do exist, but they’re rare, since acrylic is more difficult to shape into a hollow “box” design. So if you opt for an acrylic glass finger piano, you’ll most likely miss out on the benefits of kalimbas with holes mentioned above—like sound effects and increased volume.

Finally, acrylic currently costs more than wood, which raises the final price of the kalimba. It’s also heavier, which matters if you want to play on the go. On the other hand, acrylic is very strong, highly resistant to moisture and UV rays, and therefore requires little maintenance. Just be mindful of scratches, which show much more clearly than on wood.

Not easy to choose, right? Put your mind at ease and check out our comprehensive comparison between wooden and acrylic kalimbas. You’ll have everything you need to pick the right material for your future thumb piano.

Which type of wood should you choose for a mbira?

If you’ve decided on a wooden mbira, you may still be faced with the tricky question of which wood species to choose. Is there really a difference between a mahogany thumb piano and one made of black walnut? Absolutely—because the kalimba is largely made of wood, and that choice affects both tone and feel. This effect is even stronger if the instrument has a resonator box, since sound waves will bounce around inside. Depending on the wood’s hardness and characteristics, you’ll notice differences.

Generally speaking, the harder the wood used to make the kalimba, the more the sound waves will reflect. Conversely, softer woods tend to absorb vibrations more. Mahogany, a softer wood often used for thumb pianos, produces pleasant, rich sounds. It’s also quite affordable, which makes it a popular choice for beginners. Maple, a harder wood, offers a nice middle ground, producing notes that are both clear and diffuse—perfect for meditation and other Zen activities.

The wood also has a major impact on the instrument’s look. Many players love visible grain, which lends undeniable charm to a kalimba. As a result, certain “noble” or luxurious woods are used for high-end models. Black walnut is one example—it was traditionally used in upscale furniture and is now found in some kalimbas. However, the price of such an instrument can be two or three times higher than that of a mahogany model. It’s also worth noting the presence of mbiras made from camphor wood. Camphor has the unique trait of releasing a eucalyptus-like scent for years after being cut. So while you play, you may notice that fragrance—which can be a nice bonus if you enjoy it.

There are easily twenty different wood species used in the manufacture of thumb pianos. Consult our guide to selecting wood for kalimbas, which includes information on most of these woods to help you find the one that fits you.

How many keys should my thumb piano have?

We’ve already talked about kalimbas with 17 or 21 tines. However, there are many thumb pianos with very different numbers of keys. From very simple 5-tine models to more complex ones with 42 tines, how do you choose? This is an important decision, because if you choose an instrument that’s too simple (with too few keys), you’ll inevitably get bored. And if you choose one that’s too complex (with dozens of tines), you’re much more likely to get discouraged and give up quickly.

Kalimbas with fewer than 10 tines are often intended as gifts for children or designed for travel. This small number of keys won’t let you play a wide variety of songs, but it’s easy for young players and small enough that some models can even double as a keychain. With between 10 and 15 keys, the kalimba starts to reveal its potential. Teenagers or adults who aren’t comfortable with music often find their sweet spot here. However, there are relatively few models in this range, which can make them harder to find.

Instruments with 17 and 21 tines are the standard models in the world of kalimbas. They’re easy to find, and for good reason: their balance between difficulty and musical potential is excellent. This is the number of tines typically chosen by adults or teenagers who already have some exposure to music. On the other hand, kalimbas with more than 21 tines are often chromatic models, reserved for advanced players, and shouldn’t be placed in the hands of an inexperienced musician. The high number of tines and the difficulty of mastering such an instrument make it best suited for people with more musical experience.

After reading this, you should have a good idea of which kalimba best matches your situation. However, if you still have doubts, take a look at this article, which goes into more detail about the perfect number of tines for a thumb piano. The ideal instrument will then be within reach—or rather, within your thumbs!

Which brands are the best when it comes to thumb pianos?

When you’re ready to invest in a kalimba, the question of brand inevitably comes up. There are several brands, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. For example, if budget isn’t an issue, Gecko is an excellent choice. For several years now, Gecko has been developing kalimbas that are widely praised for their sound and build quality. Several dozen models are available with different numbers of keys and wood types, so there’s something for everyone. However, to enjoy such an instrument, you’ll need to spend at least $50, and sometimes over $100. That said, you’re very unlikely to be disappointed.

You might also explore the Hluru brand, which offers solid value for money. Slightly more affordable than Gecko kalimbas, Hluru maintains a well-stocked catalog, including some more exotic models crafted from a combination of several woods or a mix of wood and epoxy resin. Read our full review of the Hluru brand here. The Lingting brand is also in this price range. However, it has far fewer models to choose from, limiting your selection to fewer than 10 different kalimbas.

There are also budget-friendly brands, such as Aiersi and Cega, which are perfect for beginners who don’t necessarily want to spend more than $50 on their first kalimba. The Seeds brand, meanwhile, specializes mainly in professional chromatic thumb pianos with several dozen tines. The Kimi and Nalu brands focus on instruments made of transparent acrylic glass in the shape of animal heads.

Ultimately, your choice depends on your budget and how much you’re willing to invest in your new instrument. We cover most of the different kalimba brands in this article, so you can get a clear idea of which one will suit you best.

Is it possible to buy the kalimbas used by musician April Yang?

If there is one artist who has truly stood out for her use of the kalimba, it’s musician April Yang. Her YouTube channel, where she plays various instruments (but focuses mainly on the thumb piano), is closing in on one million subscribers and has already attracted over 110 million views. So it’s only natural to want to recreate her performances by purchasing the same kalimba—and the good news is that it’s absolutely possible and surprisingly affordable.

Looking at April Yang’s YouTube channel, it turns out that she has used a fairly large number of mbiras from different brands. She has played songs with instruments from Gecko, Hluru, Dual, and Lingting, among others. If you’re interested in purchasing a specific model, we’ve compiled a list of all the kalimbas used by April Yang in this article, based on the most popular videos she’s posted on her YouTube channel. You’re sure to find the model you’ve been dreaming of.

However, April Yang has recently started producing a kalimba under her own brand. She was fully involved in its development to create an instrument that, in her opinion, offers top-tier acoustic performance. With 17 tines, the body is made of solid beech wood and features the musician’s logo, representing a ram’s head. You can hear an example of what can be achieved with this instrument below:

Click on the link to purchase April Yang’s official kalimba.

Is it possible to build your own instrument?

For DIY enthusiasts, it’s entirely possible to craft your own kalimba, since the instrument is relatively simple in design. You can even purchase certain parts separately, such as steel tines, to make the task easier. All you need are a few tools and materials that are fairly easy to find at your local hardware store.

First, you need to consider the kalimba’s body. You’ll need to cut a board to the right size, or build a box using several pieces of wood, drilling a hole in the front if you want a model with a resonator box. Once the body is ready, the most difficult part begins: making the bridges and the pressure bar. For the bridges, two fairly thick, trimmed nails can work, while a steel tube with two screws is a good option for the pressure bar. You can make the tines from old bicycle spokes, for example, and insert them between the bridges and the pressure bar. Then tighten everything down so it holds in place. You should end up with a rudimentary but functional kalimba.

Admittedly, all this isn’t very clear without photos. So take a look at this tutorial that explains step by step how to make a kalimba. It provides the full materials list, plus clear, detailed explanations to help you complete the project. You’ll also find ready-made sets of tines, bridges, and pressure bars to buy, making this rewarding activity accessible to everyone, including young builders.

How much does a good-quality mbira cost?

While the kalimba is relatively affordable compared to many instruments, prices can range from a few dozen to several hundred dollars. For less than $20, you can find small pocket mbiras that you can take with you almost anywhere. However, for a larger instrument, this budget may be limiting. In fact, for a 17-tine kalimba of decent quality, you will need to invest between $30 and $40. This is generally the sweet spot for people who want to start learning.

Increase your budget by a notch—to between $40 and $70—and you can get your hands on your first branded kalimbas from Hluru, Cega, or Aiersi. If you’re interested in a higher-quality thumb piano or one crafted from a more “premium” wood, this can be an appealing option. It’s also at this price point that you’ll encounter 21-note kalimbas, as well as models made from plexiglass or acrylic glass, which generally cost more than wooden ones.

Above $70, you’re looking at high-end instruments, either models with a large number of keys (such as 34-note chromatic kalimbas) or those from more reputable brands such as Gecko, Lingting, Hokema, or Meinl. Some finger pianos crafted from luxurious woods such as black walnut can also exceed this price point, and a few models equipped with a piezoelectric microphone also fall around this range.

As you can see, your budget will directly affect the kalimba’s final quality. For an in-depth look at how price influences the instrument, be sure to read this article—it covers everything you need to know.

Is there a thumb piano that is perfect for beginners?

After considering all the factors we’ve just listed, you should have a good idea of the kalimba you need. However, if you’re still unsure, certain instruments are more suitable for beginners.

First of all, if you’ve never played a kalimba before, you should immediately rule out all models with more than 21 tines. They’re far too complex at the start, and you can always come back to them later if you want to level up your playing. Second, unless you have a specific reason, you may get bored with a kalimba that has fewer than 15 keys. These instruments have fairly limited musical potential—perfect for kids, but less so for most adults. We therefore recommend a model with between 15 and 21 tines, depending on your current musical background. If you have no particular knowledge of music or theory, opt for 15 or 17 tines. Otherwise, choose 17 or 21.

The material the kalimba is made of and whether it has a sound box (resonator box) will influence the tone, but that usually doesn’t bother beginners who have nothing to compare it to. So it’s often best to pick an instrument you love visually, so you’ll genuinely enjoy playing it. If your budget allows, you might consider a kalimba from Gecko, Hluru, or Cega. Cega can be a particularly smart pick, since you can get a decent model for under $50—making it a limited “risk” if the kalimba ends up not being your thing.

Finally, a pack of accessories including at least a tuning hammer and stickers is essential. An instruction booklet and beginner sheet music are great bonuses. To make sure you choose the right model, take a look at our recommendations for beginner kalimbas. You’ll find the right match for your situation.

Are there kalimbas specifically designed for children?

The kalimba is perfectly suited to young children thanks to its ease of use. However, that doesn’t mean you can choose just any model. As we mentioned earlier, it’s important to select a model with the right number of tines, but also one that feels playful, which tends to appeal to kids. So a kalimba shaped like an animal, or one with a cute or funny engraving, is an excellent choice.

If your child tends to break everything they touch, avoid thumb pianos with resonator boxes, since they’re more fragile. Acrylic kalimbas also scratch more easily, which is another detail to keep in mind. To learn more and be sure you’re making the right choice, we recommend reading our article specifically dedicated to kalimbas for children.

Do older people need a specific instrument?

It turns out that the kalimba is an instrument that is particularly well suited to older people. It’s small and lightweight, which means it can be played almost anywhere without much difficulty. Its compact size even makes it easy for nursing home residents to keep one in their room. Finally, the thumb piano is very easy to use, and progress can happen quickly, which tends to motivate new players. So, the kalimba is the ideal instrument for seniors who want to discover music in a simple and enjoyable way.

Nevertheless, it’s important to consider the specific needs of seniors to ensure you choose the perfect kalimba. First, look for lightweight models crafted from softer woods such as mahogany or walnut. Hard, heavy woods like padauk or maple can, over time, place too much strain on the hands and forearms of older players, leading to discomfort. Similarly, a kalimba with a maximum of 17 or 21 tines in a single row is recommended, as a model with a second row and more metal tines will add a lot of weight.

The number of tines will depend on the person you intend to give it to. An experienced musician may be better suited to a 21-tine kalimba, while a beginner will likely prefer a 10- or 17-tine model. Read this article to find out more about which mbira to choose for an elderly person.

Should you choose a chromatic or diatonic mbira?

Although there are a few rare kalimbas with a pentatonic scale (which uses 5 different notes), the vast majority of instruments are either chromatic or diatonic. The main difference is the number of distinct notes you can play. With a classic diatonic kalimba, you’ll find seven familiar notes: C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Chromatic models add five more notes altered by sharps or flats.

As a result, the main advantage of a chromatic mbira over its diatonic counterpart is that you can play 5 additional notes per octave. This makes it easier to play more complex melodies and reduces the need to frequently retune your instrument for songs that require something other than C major.

On the other hand, the chromatic kalimba is significantly more expensive than the diatonic one, as it is more complex to build. It also has more tines (on average, around 34 across two rows), which makes it heavier and bulkier—and also more challenging for a novice, who may feel overwhelmed by the complexity. Additionally, few (if any) chromatic thumb pianos come with a resonator box or are made from acrylic glass, so if you want a transparent model or one with holes for sound effects, you’ll likely need to go with a diatonic version.

In conclusion, the chromatic kalimba is an excellent choice for musicians who want to invest deeply in learning this instrument. However, it’s less suitable for beginners who simply want to discover the sanza without too much difficulty. If you’re still unsure, take a look at this article comparing the differences between a chromatic and a diatonic kalimba. You’ll be confident in your choice.

Are some kalimbas better than others?

Now that you have all the information you need to choose the type of finger piano that’s right for you, it turns out that certain models and brands stand out in terms of performance and quality. So if you’re interested in a 17-tine kalimba without a resonator box, we highly recommend the model created by April Yang in solid beech wood. If you’re looking for an acrylic glass mbira, those made by Kimi are truly remarkable.

In reality, each type of kalimba has a model that is better than the others, whether in terms of tonal finesse, value for money, or the extra accessories included. To help you choose the right instrument, check out our top 10 best kalimbas of the moment. Pick one of the models in that ranking, and you won’t be disappointed.

Where can you buy a kalimba?

It’s not nearly as common as a guitar, so in-store availability can be limited. Let’s quickly review all your options.

First, if you’re looking for a new instrument, online stores offer the widest selection. Among them, specialist retailers like the Instruments du Monde store, with more than 200 kalimba models available, provide extensive selection, solid customer support, and detailed advice to help you choose. By contrast, general marketplaces usually offer fewer options and don’t necessarily have deep expertise. As for physical stores, I’ve already come across shops that had no kalimbas for sale at all. So it can be hard to find thumb pianos in person—and even when you do, don’t expect a large selection. The upside is being able to try the instrument, but that advantage is balanced by the fact that with online purchases, you can still return your kalimba within 15 days without providing a reason. Perfect for testing it and seeing if it’s right for you.

In the second-hand market, there aren’t many offers. You might find a few on sites like eBay. However, watch out for pricing: it’s not uncommon to come across unscrupulous sellers listing their kalimbas at prices higher than buying new, especially since this instrument is seen as unusual—and therefore “rare.”

If you want to learn all the places where you can find a kalimba in stock, check out this article, which will tell you where you can buy this instrument.

Which microphone should you choose for your percussion instrument?

A microphone is an essential accessory if you plan to record your performances with the kalimba or if you want to play on stage or in front of an audience. It’s important that the instrument’s sound is captured cleanly so it can be reproduced faithfully.

There are two main types of microphones: pickups that attach directly to the soundboard of the mbira, and classic microphones that sit near the instrument. The latter capture vibrations in the air, while pickups capture vibrations traveling through the body (wood or acrylic). That’s why they’re installed by being attached directly to the instrument. In addition, you can also buy thumb pianos with a microphone built directly into them. They’re more discreet than add-on options, which can be appealing from a design standpoint.

Each of these two types of microphones has advantages and disadvantages. For example, pickups are less prone to feedback, that infamous squeal that can happen when a mic “loops” into a speaker. Classic microphones, on the other hand, often sound more natural and musical. If you’re looking to buy one, we highly recommend reading our guide to choosing the perfect kalimba mic. You’ll have everything you need to pick the right microphone for your setup.

How can you play beautiful melodies on a thumb piano?

While anyone can quickly learn to play a few notes and perform basic melodies, getting the most out of your kalimba requires mastering a few simple techniques such as tuning, applying stickers, and reading sheet music.

Do you need to tune your kalimba?

Yes, yes, and yes again. Some unscrupulous sellers wrongly claim that the kalimba never needs tuning, that it will always play the right notes, and that tuning has already been done before shipping or delivery—meaning you wouldn’t need to do it yourself. All of this is false, or at best only partially true, and we can demonstrate it very easily.

The note played by each tine depends solely on its length in relation to the bridge. The greater the distance between the bridge and the end of the tine, the lower the pitch. The important thing to understand is that the tines are not soldered to the bridges at all. They can slide up and down, changing the note they produce. So when your kalimba arrives in the mail, there’s no guarantee it was properly tuned before shipping. And if the package was handled roughly, one or more tines may have shifted by just 0.08–0.12 in (2–3 mm). Unfortunately, that small shift can have a big impact on pitch. In short, your kalimba should be tuned when you receive it, after any impact or fall, and also regularly to make sure it’s still in tune. It’s true that as long as the tuning is correct, the notes will remain correct—but you still need to make sure the instrument is actually tuned.

Tuning your kalimba is a straightforward process anyone can master. The goal is to test each tine with a tuner to confirm it still plays the correct note. If it does, you’re all set. If not, you simply shorten or lengthen the tine (relative to the bridge) using the hammer.

All the details are explained in our article on tuning the kalimba. You’ll become a true pro at keeping your instrument perfectly in tune.

Which tuner should you use to tune the instrument?

Once you’ve mastered the tuning technique, the next question is which tuner to use. Is one better than another? Once again, it depends on your budget and what you expect from the instrument.

If you’re willing to spend a little, an electronic tuner designed for thumb pianos is a smart investment. This small device attaches directly to your kalimba, letting it capture the sound up close for precise analysis. Electronic tuners are accurate and reliable, since they’re designed specifically for this purpose, and they let you stay fully mobile and independent of any other device. What’s more, you can also use them to tune other musical instruments.

You also have a free (or almost free) option if you own a smartphone. In that case, your phone’s built-in mic records the sound and the app analyzes it. To do this, you’ll need to download a dedicated app such as Da Tuner or BOSS Tuner. But in reality, these apps aren’t truly free. You’ll either pay around $5 to $10 or put up with frequent ads. Plus, since a phone mic isn’t designed specifically for this purpose, results can be less consistent than with a dedicated electronic tuner.

So if you want the most accurate result, it’s best to use a tuner that’s built specifically for the job. In any case, we recommend reading this guide on choosing a kalimba tuner to learn about all the apps and devices available.

Where should I place the stickers on the kalimba?

I sometimes meet beginners who are surprised to find stickers inside the box with their kalimba. Often, they haven’t read the manual and haven’t looked into the topic at all. However, applying these small vinyl stickers is an important step, especially for anyone new to the instrument.

The stickers attach to the steel tines and serve as visual cues, helping beginners navigate the layout by showing which musical note corresponds to each key. They can also be placed at regular intervals simply as quick reference markers. Sometimes, stickers are also used purely for decoration, adding bright colors to the kalimba.

Remember, except for decorative purposes, these stickers should not be placed just anywhere. They must follow a specific pattern that depends on the number of tines on the kalimba. For example, a 21-tine kalimba won’t use the same sticker layout as a 17-tine model. To learn exactly where to place them, check out this helpful tutorial on kalimba sticker placement. Correct placement will help you play beautiful melodies, especially when using tablature.

How do you read kalimba sheet music to play songs?

Learning to read kalimba sheet music is essential for any player. It’s incredibly rewarding to reproduce famous melodies from pop culture, like the “Game of Thrones” theme or Ed Sheeran’s “Perfect.” You’ll mainly come across two types of music documents made specifically for kalimba: simplified sheet music using numbers or letters, and tablature.

Simplified sheet music is a series of numbers or letters that correspond to notes based on the following table:

Solfege	Do	Re	Mi	Fa	Sol	La	Si
Letter names	C	D	E	F	G	A	B
NMCA	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

All you need to do is follow the score from left to right. The notes will be played in the correct order to create the melody. You may encounter parentheses; when you do, play the notes together at the same time. You may also see dots above or below the note—in that case, play the same note an octave higher or lower.

Tablature, on the other hand, is much more precise because it includes tempo, rests, and the duration of each note. It also provides a visual representation of the tine layout, so you can see exactly where to press without memorizing every note position. As a result, tablature is a real advantage for players who want to level up on the kalimba. The trade-off is that you’ll need to learn some music-theory concepts to read it. The good news is that all these concepts are explained in our tutorial on how to read kalimba sheet music. Tablature and sheet music will then be well within your reach. You can also check out our list of the best sheet music for beginners. You can then start learning with peace of mind using pieces specifically chosen for new players.

Where can you find or download kalimba sheet music?

It’s not easy to find high-quality kalimba sheet music or tablature. Most of the time, it’s generous hobbyists who share a series of letters or numbers on social media—without you being able to hear the end result before you spend time learning it.

To solve this, Instruments du Monde offers more than 50 free sheet music and tablature for kalimba, all validated by our experts and paired with a video showing exactly what you’ll get if you follow the score. That way, you won’t waste time learning a melody that doesn’t sound the way you hoped. You’ll also find sheet music for 17-, 21-, and 8-tine models, so most players can find what they need.

Is it possible to transpose music for the thumb piano?

Transposition means adapting a song specifically for the thumb piano. In other words, you “convert” a piece of music (originally played on guitar, for example) so it can be performed on a kalimba. In theory, you can transpose almost any piece from one or more instruments to the mbira. However, the kalimba’s simplicity can be limiting: since it typically has 17 or 21 notes and many other instruments have far more, transposing often means removing notes that fall outside the kalimba’s range. As a result, the arrangement may lose some richness.

With that in mind, the easiest way to arrange music for kalimba is to start from a piano score, since the piano is the closest match and offers a huge library of sheet music. For example, you can visit MuseScore, where you’re likely to find what you need. Once you have a score, you’ll isolate the notes that fit within your kalimba’s range and then convert them into either simplified sheet music or tablature. It’s a long, meticulous process, but it can be worth it if no one has yet arranged the song you’re looking for.

If you’re ready to transpose a song, be sure to check out our comprehensive guide to converting music for the kalimba. It provides every detail you need to make your project a success.

What are the basics of playing the sanza?

While it’s not very difficult to play the sanza at first, improving your playing by learning a few advanced techniques requires more time and effort. To start with the basics, hold your kalimba firmly and begin playing a few notes by pressing a tine and releasing it abruptly. Once you’ve done that, remove your finger immediately so you don’t accidentally dampen the tine. The key idea is not to hold back the oscillation if you want the best sound. Then play a short sequence of notes, always following the same principle of releasing the key quickly. Next, practice playing two notes at the same time using both thumbs.

Once you’ve mastered these basics, move on to the glissando, a technique where you play multiple notes by sliding your thumb across several tines while pressing them. You can play glissandos of 3, 4, or 5 notes, depending on your preference and what the piece requires. Watch an example of a glissando in the video below:

From there, all that’s left is to learn vibrato and wah-wah effects (if your instrument has a resonator box), practice reading sheet music and tablature, and you’ll be ready to play beautiful melodies with soft, soothing tones.

Find all the tips and advice you need to play the kalimba perfectly in this article. By applying everything you learn, you’re sure to improve your thumb piano skills and impress your family and friends.

How do I clean my mbira?

Just because the mbira is an affordable instrument doesn’t mean you shouldn’t take care of it. Without regular maintenance, the wood can crack, and accumulated dust can cause what’s known as a tine buzz—meaning a key may not function optimally (or may even stop sounding properly). Regular cleaning is therefore highly recommended to avoid these issues.

The first step is to remove the dust that inevitably accumulates on the instrument. Since kalimba sound is produced by tine vibration, over time dirt can get lodged between the tine and the bridges. Use a soft microfiber cloth to remove the dust. If there’s too much grime, you’ll need to remove all the keys and clean them one by one with warm, soapy water, dry them thoroughly, and reassemble everything. To maintain the shiny finish of the tines and remove small rust spots, use a kalimba polishing block—a small abrasive sponge designed to make steel shine.

While acrylic requires virtually no maintenance, wood needs special attention. So avoid moisture and direct sunlight as much as possible. For that, using a case is a great idea. Then, treat it with a suitable oil to nourish the wood and preserve its shine and acoustic properties.

To find out how often to do this (and for additional tips), see our article on cleaning thumb pianos. Your precious instrument will then stay in excellent condition for many years.

What notes are on the kalimba?

Knowing the different notes you can play on your instrument helps you determine whether you can play the sheet music you find. In the vast majority of cases, your kalimba will be delivered already tuned to C major with a set of 17 metal tines. In that situation, you’ll have the notes C, D, E, F, G, A, and B across the 3rd and 4th octaves, plus C, D, and E in the 5th octave.

However, you may find yourself in a different situation—for example, if your kalimba is tuned to B major or another key entirely. Most of the time, the notes are engraved on the instrument’s tines to help you find your way around, but that’s not always the case. If they aren’t engraved, you’ll need an electronic tuner to identify the note produced by each tine.

You can find the step-by-step method, plus how to play notes with sharps or flats, in our free article on the subject. You’ll always know exactly which notes your kalimba can play.

Why do the kalimba's tines sound bad or not at all?

When you play certain tines on your thumb piano, there may be a physical problem preventing them from vibrating properly. This results in unpleasant sounds. There are several possible causes. Most of the time, it’s due to poor maintenance: after repeated use, dust and dirt become embedded in the tine set, and that grime can prevent proper vibration. In that case, the kalimba should be cleaned.

A kalimba that sounds bad may also be due to misaligned tines. Check that they are parallel to each other and, above all, perpendicular to the bridges they rest on. Unpleasant sounds can also be caused by poor tuning. In that case, it’s fairly easy to fix by checking and adjusting the tuning with an electronic tuner.

Finally, it may be that the shortest tines on your instrument are not loud enough for your taste. This can’t really be “fixed,” since smaller tines naturally produce less volume. However, we recommend reading our article on kalimbas that sound out of tune or unpleasant to explore every solution available to you.

Do you need to have long fingernails to play this percussion instrument?

It’s true that having fairly long fingernails is an advantage when learning to play the thumb piano. With the hardness and shape you can give your nails, you may be able to play longer without thumb pain, and you’ll often be more precise when quickly plucking several tines or performing a glissando. The ideal length is about 0.04–0.08 in (1–2 mm), with an almond-shaped nail.

However, that doesn’t mean you can’t play the kalimba if you don’t want to (or can’t) grow your nails. Many percussionists still play beautiful melodies using only the pads of their thumbs. You can also get silicone finger protectors or picks, which act like a removable artificial nail.

Check out this article, which details all the solutions available to help you get the best out of your African musical instrument even with short nails. You’ll notice a real improvement by using the suggested accessories.

How do you install the blades on your kalimba?

If you plan to make your own instrument, have purchased a kit, or want to clean it thoroughly, you’ll inevitably face the challenge of placing the metal tines between the two bridges and the pressure bar. Installing these keys isn’t very complicated once you know the technique. You’ll need a tuning hammer and a small pair of flat pliers.

The key to the technique is to use one tine as a guide to install another. To do this, place the “guide” tine on the front bridge and thread it through one of the holes in the pressure bar. Next, take the second tine (the one you’re installing) and rest it on the other bridge so it passes through the same hole in the pressure bar as the guide tine. The second tine will then rest on the guide tine. Use the tuning hammer to tap the tine being installed, guiding it over the front bridge. Finally, remove the guide tine with the flat pliers and repeat the process for all the keys.

Once all but the final tine are in place, the process changes slightly since there’s no guide tine available. For this one, you’ll place the tine on the front bridge and in the pressure bar, then twist it with the flat pliers to pass it over the other bridge, tapping it with the tuning hammer. Click here to watch a video that will show you this operation step by step, along with tips to ensure you place your keys in the right spot.

Try your hand at the thumb piano for a guaranteed escape

Though exotic and still largely unknown, the kalimba has everything it takes to become a truly popular musical instrument. Its simplicity makes it accessible to a wide audience, especially those who have never played another instrument or studied music theory. It’s also an instrument steeped in history, with African origins dating back more than 3,000 years. Now you know everything there is to know about the thumb piano—and how to choose yours to explore a whole new musical world full of surprises.

However, finding a reputable store that offers high-quality kalimbas in sufficient quantity can still be difficult. That’s why the French company Instruments du Monde offers a wide range of over 200 different kalimbas that are sure to satisfy even the most demanding musicians. What’s more, delivery is free in France, Belgium, and Switzerland.

Browse this magnificent collection of kalimbas by clicking on the image below: